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Robert Bruce (opera)
''Robert Bruce'' is an 1846 pastiche opera in three acts, with music by Gioachino Rossini and Louis Niedermeyer to a French-language libretto by Alphonse Royer and Gustave Vaëz, after Walter Scott's ''History of Scotland''. The music was stitched together by Niedermeyer, with the composer's permission, with pieces from ''La donna del lago'', ''Zelmira'', and other Rossini operas. The work was premiered on 30 December 1846, by the Paris Opera at the Salle Le Peletier.〔Osborne 1986, p. 288. In his second edition (2007), Osborne gives the date of the premiere on p. 137 as 23 December and on p. 357 as 30 December. Weinstock 1968, p. 238, explains that the premiere was originally scheduled for 23 December, which is the date found in the printed libretto, but was postponed to 30 December because the lead mezzo-soprano, Rosine Stoltz, was ill. See also ''Le Ménestrel'', (vol. 14, no, 4 (27 December 1846) ).〕 The audience may not have noticed, but the orchestra included for the first time a recently invented instrument, which later came to be known as the saxophone.〔Weinstock 1968, p. 238.〕
==Background==
After Rossini's arrival in Paris in 1843 for medical treatment, he was visited by Léon Pillet, the Director of the Paris Opera. Pillet begged Rossini to compose a new work for the house. Rossini declined because of his poor health, but pointed out that his opera ''La donna del lago'' (1819), which he felt had never been performed adequately at the Théâtre Italien in Paris, would be "most suitable for the French stage, the one that more than the others, had need of your big choruses, your magnificent orchestra, your beautiful staging. … Now that you have () Stoltz at your disposal you would do well to profit by it."〔Weinstock 1968, p. 231.〕 However, Pillet was reluctant to present a work which since 1824 in its Italian version was already well known to Parisian audiences.〔Everist 2009, p. 39.〕
Rossini went back to his home in Bologna, where in June 1846 he was again visited by Pillet, who was accompanied by librettist Gustave Vaëz, and Louis Niedermeyer.〔Weinstock 1968, p. 237.〕 The result (which also involved Vaëz's regular collaborator Alphonse Royer as co-librettist) was ''Robert Bruce'', an elaborate pasticcio, based on music not only from ''La donna del lago'' and ''Zelmira'', but also from ''Bianca e Falliero'', ''Torvaldo e Dorliska'', ''Armida'', ''Mosè in Egitto'', and ''Maometto II''.〔Everist 2009, p. 32.〕 Niedermeyer apparently wrote the necessary recitatives.〔Everist 2009, pp. 39–40.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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